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26 Şubat 2017 Pazar

Teaching morality to robots | Daniel Glaser

Every week comes a new warning that robots are taking over our jobs. People have become troubled by the question of how robots will learn ethics, if they do take over our work and our planet.


As early on as the 1960s Isaac Asimov came up with the ‘Three Laws of Robotics’ outlining moral rules they should abide by. More recently there has been official guidance from the British Standards Institute advising designers how to create ethical robots, which is meant to avoid them taking over the world.


From a neuroscientist’s perspective, they should learn more from human development. We teach children morality before algebra. When they’re able to behave well in a social situation, we teach them language skills and more complex reasoning. It needs to happen this way round. Even the most sophisticated bomb-sniffing dog is taught to sit first.


If we’re interested in really making robots think more like we do, we can’t retrofit morality and ethics. We need to focus on that first, build it into their core, and then teach them to drive.


Dr Daniel Glaser is director of Science Gallery at King’s College London. Listen to this week’s podcast at theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/series/neuroscientist-explains



Teaching morality to robots | Daniel Glaser

1 Kasım 2016 Salı

NHS teaching trust to go into special measures after inadequate rating

A large NHS teaching trust is to be placed in special measures after inspectors rated it inadequate.


St George’s University Hospitals NHS foundation trust in Tooting, south-west London, will enter special measures after the Care Quality Commission (CQC) said it was inadequate for safety and on the issue of being well-led.


The trust was also told it requires improvement for being effective and responsive, although it was rated good for caring. Eighteen NHS trusts in England are in special measures.


An inspection at St George’s in June and July revealed that several of the buildings, including operating theatres, were so poorly maintained they were not fit for purpose. Other problems included staff not following infection control policies and about half of staff working with children had not completed the required safeguarding training.


Two years ago, the trust was ranked as good.


Prof Sir Mike Richards, the chief inspector of hospitals, said: “I am disappointed that we have found a marked deterioration in the safety and quality of some of the trust’s services since we inspected two years ago, as well as in its overall governance and leadership.


“Our inspectors found that several of the trust buildings – including operating theatres – were in a state of disrepair, which meant they were not fit for purpose. There were poor fire detection systems and a heightened risk of water contamination, which meant that people were put at risk.


“We also observed that not all staff followed infection control procedures, even when challenged by colleagues.


“Worryingly, we found that areas in which children and young people with mental health conditions were cared for had not been checked for ligature points, and that half of the medical staff working with children and young people had not completed level three safeguarding training, which is a requirement for all staff working with children.


“We took urgent action requiring the trust to address the most immediate of our concerns, and the trust has now introduced a range of supportive measures as a means of stabilising the organisation.”


The trust, which operates hospitals at the St George’s and Queen Mary’s sites, serves about 1.3 million people.


The interim hospital trust chairman, Sir David Henshaw, said progress had been made but added: “There will be no quick fix to the problems we face. Many of these challenges are due to very poor board and senior management decisions in the past and a failure to tackle the big challenges head-on.


“We owe it to our staff and patients to make St George’s better again. The CQC’s report is a key part of this improvement journey.”


The other 17 trusts in special measures for quality of services are Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS trust; Barts; Brighton and Sussex; Cambridge University; Colchester University; East Kent; East Sussex; London Ambulance; Medway; North Cumbria; Princess Alexandra hospital; Sherwood Forest; South East Coast Ambulance; Walsall; West Herts; Worcestershire Acute and Wye Valley NHS trust.


Eight more trusts are in financial special measures owing to large deficits and poor management.



NHS teaching trust to go into special measures after inadequate rating

24 Ekim 2016 Pazartesi

Teaching pupils to make sense of pornography | Letters

Jenni Murray’s recent suggestion of analysing pornography in the classroom might raise some eyebrows, but with up to 60% of young people using porn to teach themselves about sex, she’s right that schools should not ignore it (Opinion, 17 October). The accessibility and lack of boundaries around pornography leave our children at risk of seeing confusing or upsetting images. Myths around dominance/submission, consent and sexual norms can skew ideas about relationships and gender, and unrealistic comparisons can damage body image.


A school working with parents to promote healthy relationships and internet safety should certainly support its pupils to make sense of porn, offering practical help to encourage positive choices online and offline.


Teaching about healthy relationships, consent and online safety begins in kindergarten, laying the foundations for the time when these topics become intertwined with pupils’ developing sexuality. As they mature, pupils benefit from a safe space in which to discuss broader questions. What pressures exist when considering a sexual relationship? What activities are you more likely to meet in a porn film than in real life? What are the different views found in society relating to pornography? What messages might porn give us and how might our relationships be affected?


Schools should be seeking to empower young people to navigate today’s challenges. That includes understanding what porn is not: a manual for meaningful relationships.
Sarah Griffiths
Head of wellbeing, Dulwich College


Join the debate – email guardian.letters@theguardian.com



Teaching pupils to make sense of pornography | Letters

1 Ekim 2016 Cumartesi

Secret Teaching: I love teaching, but I"m tired of feeling like a failure

When I began teaching 18 years ago, I poured everything I had into it. I started at a tough inner-city Manchester school. I ran after-school football and film clubs, and produced Shakespeare plays with 8- to 11-year-olds. I was glad to be observed 10 times in a gruelling five-day Ofsted visit (it was 1998). I put so much in and got so much out – I was young, single and I didn’t care about late nights and early mornings.


A few years later I moved to another challenging school down the road, as deputy headteacher. The budget was incredibly tight which meant I had zero management time and taught all week; this was before the luxury of PPA (the time that’s set aside for teachers to do planning, preparation and assessment work). I always had a foot out of the door and an ear cocked for trouble in the corridor – even more so when I spent a term as acting headteacher when the excellent head was in hospital.


I think that’s when my downward spiral started. I’d taken on a class where I had to field chairs being thrown at me, coerce one pupil from the roof and fend off physically abusive parents. I would become frustrated and angry when things went badly (being punched by a parent, the local authority demanding that results improve) and completely elated when things went well (transforming 30% of pupils achieving level 4 into 70%, seeing special educational needs and disaffected year 6 students performing Richard III).


Within three years, I hit a wall. I went back to my hometown, to teach in a successful primary in a leafy, middle-class area. I thought it would give me a chance to work in a less stressful environment. I was wrong. The pressure – in school, from the government and families – was different, but equally debilitating.


It was an outstanding school and the local education authority (LEA) had expectations. “Yours is one of the better schools,” we were told. “For us to reach our target, we need you to up your Sats results, because the other schools in the area are rubbish.” I’m paraphrasing, but the message was clear. I made an initial impact and was expected to carry the year 6 can. It wasn’t the school or the staff’s fault, it’s just the way things were and still are.


Each morning I would wake up feeling sick to my stomach. I spent my lunchtimes alone, sitting outside in the street, struggling to eat the lunch I’d prepared. There was just so much to do.


After a spell in hospital, I was diagnosed with severe depression. School wasn’t the only factor, but it tipped the balance. I was given months off work, saw psychiatrists and other mental-health professionals and had to fight to get back into the classroom nine months later. I managed it (in large part thanks to my now-wife, who I met through this illness) but it was a pyrrhic victory.


The next eight years had some highs – days when I really thought I was “winning” and that I’d taught well – but there were also more lows. There were times when I felt I was sinking; my to-do list was never-ending and parents irrationally expected their children to be level-pegging with their peers without understanding that people children learn at different rates.


When my son was born two years ago, I realised that family is more important to me than the increasingly demanding job that teaching has become. It’s more important than juggling targets and trying to keep up with the latest short-sighted initiative from Whitehall.


Now I’m a supply teacher, and am lucky that I can survive on the money. Half the wages, 10 times the happiness. I don’t plan, I’m home by 4pm and the job just pays the bills. And my mental state is so, so much improved.


I loved teaching and I miss it profoundly. But my mental health means I just cannot juggle all the balls necessary to be good at it. I demand a lot of myself as a teacher and the demands placed on the teaching profession – by local authorities, Whitehall, governing bodies, heads, parents – mean that I feel a failure far more often than I feel that I am of worth.



Secret Teaching: I love teaching, but I"m tired of feeling like a failure

10 Nisan 2014 Perşembe

NUT: menopausal ladies "being forced out of teaching"

“High workplace temperatures, bad ventilation, bad or non-existent rest or toilet amenities, or a lack of entry to cold consuming water at operate can make all these symptoms worse…


“Employers have a responsibility to take into account the troubles that women may experience in the course of the menopause and that female employees ought to be ready to expect assistance and help in the course of what is, for many, a extremely hard time.”


The NUT stated the union had heard “anecdotally” that a lot more teachers more than the age of 50 are getting subjected to formal disciplinary procedures than younger colleagues.


Speaking on Thursday, Christine Blower, common secretary, said: “We typically find that the approach in colleges now is that by some means or other, if you have been doing it for a extended time, you should be stale and not fairly the ticket that you would get with a younger instructor.


“We reject that. We consider it is essential you have a stability in the occupation of youth and age. And which is as correct for males as it is for girls.”


She added: “I think it is not just the menopause we have acquired experience of older girls finding that their abilities are not imagined of as becoming as very good as these of younger teachers.”


A resolution to be debated by the conference in excess of Easter weekend calls for the creation of an urgent advice document to allow colleges to take the situation a lot more critical.


NUT members are also calling for the union to take “strike action if schools refuse to make ideal changes to accommodate the needs of ladies experiencing symptoms that affect their capacity to educate during the menopause”.



NUT: menopausal ladies "being forced out of teaching"