Bill Gates: world faces decade at risk from antibiotic-resistant bugs

People across the world, particularly those in developing countries, face a decade at risk from pandemics spread by antibiotic-resistant bugs, the billionaire Bill Gates has warned.

Gates, who made his fortune with the Microsoft Windows operating system before becoming a philanthropist, said the success of antibiotics had created complacency that was now being exposed by the rise of microbial resistance to the drugs.

“I cross my fingers all the time that some epidemic like a big flu doesn’t come along in the next 10 years,” Gates told a special edition of Radio 4’s Today programme guest-edited by Dame Sally Davies, the chief medical officer for England.

“I do think we will have much better medical tools, much better response, but we are a bit vulnerable right now if something spread very quickly like a flu that was quite fatal – that would be a tragedy and new approaches should allow us to reduce that risk a lot.”

Gates said it was crucial for wealthier countries to step in to help the developing world fight disease, both for humanitarian reasons and for their own health security.

Although mistakes were made, criticism of the World Health Organisation (WHO) during the Ebola crisis in west Africa was unfair, he said, because it was not funded or staffed to do all the things that observers wanted it to do.

International cooperation had led to the eradication of smallpox, and was on the verge of eradicating polio, he added.

“The cooperation that we have seen, I think, needs to intensify,” Gates said. “It’s the only way that global problems like epidemics will get solved and so [for] all the people who are negative on WHO, the message to take away from that is not that that kind of multilateral cooperative effort is doomed and the money is not well spent, rather that we actually need to broaden their capacity. We actually need to dedicate ourselves to this global cooperation.”

In September the UN secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, warned that antimicrobial resistance was a “fundamental threat” to global health that risked making high quality universal healthcare impossible.

It is estimated that more than 700,000 people die each year from drug-resistant infections, though it could be much higher because there is no global system to monitor the figures. There has also been difficulties in tracking death tolls even in places where they are monitored, such as the US, where tens of thousands of deaths have not been attributed to superbugs, according to a Reuters investigation.

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported in November that illnesses resistant to so-called last-line antibiotics – drugs kept in reserve for use against pathogens that have proved resistant to all other antibiotics – were on the rise in the continent.

Without them, some infectious diseases could become untreatable and some forms of major surgery would again become perilous.

Davies said Britain’s health service was well placed to handle a flu pandemic, although it would still take as long as six months to “produce enough vaccine to start putting it into people”. She was less optimistic about how resilient the rest of British society would be to an outbreak.

“It’s not just the NHS,” she said. “It’s how would our social care system cope with people who aren’t ill enough to be in hospital but need extra support? It’s how would our economy cope if a large proportion are too ill to work? When we have a just-in-time ordering policy for delivery of food, petrol, whatever.

“And if you think about the issues that could happen here if we had a recurrence of the 1918 type flu, then what would it be like in middle- and low-income countries where they don’t have the health systems to look after the patients?”

Bill Gates: world faces decade at risk from antibiotic-resistant bugs

Tasmanian devil milk could kill golden staph and other antibiotic-resistant bugs

Milk from Tasmanian devils could kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria like golden staph and potentially combat the deadly facial tumour disease that has killed 80% of the wild devil population in the past 20 years.

According to research led by Sydney University PhD student Emma Peel, milk produced by the marsupials contains antimicrobial peptides called cathelicidins which had been tested as being effective against a number of pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or golden staph.

“These peptides are killing superbugs, so there is potential for future development into antibiotics,” Peel told the ABC.

“That is the next step for our research, to see if these peptides have anti-cancer potential, if they are killing superbugs maybe they could kill the facial tumour.”

Peel said the tests were done with artificial peptides made by extracting the cathelicidin sequence from the devil’s genome.

The artificial peptides also tested as between three and six times more effective against some fungal infections than anti-fungal medication.

Milking the famously aggressive animals was a process to be undertaken “very, very carefully and with a lots of safety gear,” Peel said.

Androo Kelly, owner and director of Trowunna Wildlife park in northern Tasmania, which has bred 16 generations of devils, said it could be done but “I don’t think you would set up a dairy”.

He tried his hand at milking devils in the 1990s for an earlier series of research by University of Tasmania associate professor Menna Jones.

“The devils that we have, we have mothers with young that are also used to being handled, so it’s a simple thing that when the mothers are lactating you just squeeze the milk out,” he said. “It was more of a once off, it would not be a common practice.”

Kelly said the research answered the longstanding question of why young devils did not contract the highly contagious devil facial tumour disease from infected mothers. It also explained how the immature young, which are born at just 3mm long and mature in the pouch, survive without a mature immune system.

“I really believed that the solution to the devils disease was something within them … this is only further supporting that,” he said.

Devil facial tumour disease was first reported in 1996 and spread to cover 95% of Tasmania, prompting an international breeding program to save the animal.

Recent research found the carrion-eating marsupials had already evolved a degree of resistance to the disease, which is caused by two of only four strains of viral cancer to be found in the wild.

Researchers in Hobart have also developed a vaccine and begun releasing vaccinated devils into areas believed to be free of the disease.

Tasmanian devil milk could kill golden staph and other antibiotic-resistant bugs

"We need to talk about shit": just six bugs causing 78% cases of diarrhoea

The role of microorganisms in childhood diarrhoea has been greatly underestimated, with pathogens including bacteria, viruses and parasites, responsible for almost twice as many cases as previously thought, research has revealed.

The study published in the Lancet, which involved the analysis of stool samples from more than 10,000 children in countries across Africa and south Asia, also found that nearly 78% of cases were caused by just six bugs – an insight scientists say could help to tackle the problem.

“It really comes down to just a handful of pathogens that are most important,” said Eric Houpt of the University of Virginia who co-authored the study. “So it is not a hopelessly long list of infections that we can’t do anything about.”

Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of death among children under five after pneumonia, and it has also been linked to stunted growth. It is believed to be caused by infections that spread by contaminated food and waterbetween people, but it has been difficult to pinpoint the cause of each case.

“Diarrhoea in children under five years old remains an enormous public health problem with half a million deaths each year or more, mostly in Africa and south Asia,” said Houpt.

He says the research will galvanise scientists to develop new ways to tackle the pathogens responsible for diarrhoea. “My feeling is that vaccine developments and proper use of antibiotics can lead to a large decrease in childhood diarrhoea over the next 10 to 20 years if we target these six pathogens, while hopefully economic development trickles along,” he said.

Writing in the Lancet, an international team of researchers describe how they re-analysed stool samples collected as part of an earlier multi-year project called the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, which looked at cases of moderate to severe diarrhoea in children under five in seven countries across Africa and south Asia.

The initial results, published three years ago, suggested that 51.5% of cases were down to pathogens, with the findings based on a suite of analytical methods including culturing bacteria. But researchers decided to re-analyse the samples in the light of the recent development of highly sensitive genetic analysis techniques.

The new study analysed samples from 10,608 children, half of whom had diarrhoea and half were unaffected “controls”, in an attempt to unpick the proportion of cases caused by bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, focusing on 32 known to be linked to diarrhoea.

“These [new techniques] get down to lower amounts. We can tell not only what is there for the 32 but how much is there – so they give a quantitative result as well,” said Houpt.

The results reveal that the influence of pathogens has been underestimated, with 89.3% of childhood diarrhoea cases caused by pathogens. Just six, including rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parasites, were responsible for almost 78% of cases.

What’s more, almost 40% of diarrhoeal cases showed evidence of two or more pathogens, suggesting that multiple infections are at play, while even among the apparently healthy controls many children were found to have low levels of infection.

Of the six key pathogens identified, only one – rotavirus – currently has a vaccine available, although vaccines for two of the other pathogens, bacteria known as Shigella and ETEC (a type of E.Coli), are in the pipeline.

Professor Val Curtis, director of the environmental health group at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, welcomed the findings, saying the research has demystified the causes of the condition. “It is exciting because we are no longer in the dark ages about diarrhoea,” she said. “We are moving into a new era where we can actually use molecular methods to detect with much more sensitivity the pathogens in stools.”

“Diarrhoeal disease is not sexy. It sounds unpleasant. It has never been the area that people have really, really wanted to put their effort into,” she said. “’We need to talk about shit’ is my campaign slogan.”

"We need to talk about shit": just six bugs causing 78% cases of diarrhoea

CDC Admits Lemon Eucalyptus Oil As effective as Toxic DEET for Repelling Bugs

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finally admitted that products using oil of lemon eucalyptus can provide longer lasting protection against mosquitoes, just as the toxic chemical bug repellent DEET does.

A study by the US Department of Agriculture compared four synthetic mosquito repellents and eight natural mosquito repellents and found that Repel Lemon Eucalyptus was the most effective repellent, more so than a 7% DEET repellent.

In a 2010 study, three species of eucalyptus (E. staigeriana, E. citriodora, and E. globulus) were tested for use with the blood-sucking sandfly, lutzomyia Lutzomyia longipalpis. Researchers found the eucalyptus essential oils were more effective against L. longipalpis than DEET.

Side Effects of DEET

DEET is an effective mosquito deterrent, however, despite the Environmental Protection Agency’s seal of approval to spray the stuff on our bodies, there are some serious concerns about the potential side effects of this chemical.

Side of Effects of Overusing Deet

Skin irritation
Rashes
Burning lips
Headaches
Nausea
Difficulty in concentrating
Dizziness

Other Natural Mosquito Repellents

Clove oil

Two studies have found that undiluted topical clove oil is active against mosquitoes. However, like thyme oil, clove oil should not be applied undiluted to skin as a homemade repellent.

Pine

If you love camping but despite using Deet or other chemical bug sprays, pine is your perfect companion. A natural repellent against mosquitoes, pine will also keep you smelling fresh as the forest!

Thyme

In one study, carvacrol and alpha-terpinene, two compounds derived from the essential oil of thyme, were found to have significantly greater repellency than a commercial DEET repellent. Spray made with 2% alpha terpinene is a promising natural mosquito repellent. However, don’t try to make a thyme oil repellent at home- it is too irritating and strong-smelling to be used at effective concentrations above 25%.

How to use Essential oils to repel insects?

-Distill the essential oils with water and rub over the body (this will last for 30-60mins)
-Showering – Mix essential oils with body shampoo
-Direct rub essential oils on body
-Use Diffuser – put the diffuser next to your bed

Sources:

1-http://www.homemadehints.com/homemade-mosquito-repellent/

3-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-it-true-that-the-deet/

4-http://www.thealternativedaily.com/use-this-100-non-toxic-mosquito-repellent-instead-of-deet/

Read:

CDC Admits Lemon Eucalyptus Oil As effective as Toxic DEET for Repelling Bugs

Antibiotic-resistant bugs need international response, say health specialists

Scientists creating in the journal Nature say an international panel on antimicrobial resistance should be developed. Photograph: Murdo Macleod for the Guardian

Public well being experts have called on planet leaders to establish a international organisation to battle the growing risk from drug-resistant bugs.

Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have reached every country, with some sufferers being treated with medication that are now the last line of defence towards infections. Scientists gathered at the Royal Society in London on Thursday warned the predicament is so desperate that a international response in line with efforts to combat climate adjust is needed.

About five,000 men and women a 12 months die in Britain from infections that are resistant to antibiotics, and drug resistance is expanding steadily, eroding the effectiveness of doctors’ most strong antibiotics.

Writing in the journal Nature, Jeremy Farrar, head of the Wellcome Believe in, and Mark Woolhouse, professor of infectious ailment epidemiology at Edinburgh University, urge globe leaders to set up an global panel on antimicrobial resistance to maintain current medication operating and develop options. Based mostly on the UN’s intergovernmental panel on climate modify, they say it should be charged with locating approaches to slash the use of antibiotics to avoid the spread of resistance, and work with business to create medicines and treatments to fight infections triggered by bacteria, but also viruses and parasites.

Last 12 months, the United kingdom launched a five-12 months program to enhance use of antibiotics, bolster surveillance of resistant bugs and create tests for the infections. OneAnother area that wants improvement is schooling of healthcare college students, who normally devote only a week finding out about antibiotics.

But Woolhouse mentioned that, as with climate change, countries had to take action together: “A national plan is not sufficient. We need to handle this issue internationally. We need to have everyone on board.”

“In terms of the threat to my personal overall health, and that of my kids, and my family’s wellness, I am considerably much more concerned about antimicrobial resistance than I am about climate modify,” Woolhouse added.

Britain’s most senior health-related adviser mentioned antimicrobial resistance will be put on the Cabinet Office’s national danger register at the end of the year, putting drug resistance on a par with pandemic flu and terrorism as considerable civilian threats.

Dame Sally Davies, the chief health care officer, has driven the concern substantial on to the government and global agenda. On Friday, the Globe Health Organisation will vote in Geneva on a resolution to create its personal global action program to battle antimicrobial resistance.

Previously, Davies has warned of an “apocalyptic” situation in which people going into hospital die from program operations due to the fact there are no antibiotics to treat them. Antibiotics will even now be helpful for a lot of years, but it could consider a lot more than a decade to create new drugs. There have been no new courses of antibiotics for 25 many years.

“I will not want to see my children, or their children, or even myself in hospital with an untreatable infection,” Davies said.

To slow the rise of antibiotic resistance, GPs and clinicians want to prescribe medicines much more prudently, but other action wants to be taken. The medicines are still used broadly in agriculture, regardless of an EU ban stopping their utilization as growth promoters. The ban was simply side-stepped by offering animals the medication for diverse factors.

“The issue of antimicrobial resistance is very analogous to worldwide warming. You’ve acquired to do issues in the Uk, and have a United kingdom policy, but at the very same time, you have acquired to have an worldwide policy,” mentioned Michael Moore, the antimicrobial resistance champion for the Royal University of General Practitioners.

Antibiotic-resistant bugs need international response, say health specialists